.htaccess文件使用权威指南

.htaccess可以做大量范围的事情，包括：文件夹密码保护、用户自动重新指向、自定义错误页面、变更你的文件扩展名、屏蔽特定的用户IP地址、只允许特定的IP地址、停止目录表以及使用其他文件作为index文件，等等……。希望这个.htaccess文件使用权威指南可以帮助到你。

如果你还不知道.htaccess是什么的话，可以看这里：

.htaccess文件(或者”分布式配置文件”）提供了针对目录改变配置的方法，即，在一个特定的文档目录中放置一个包含一个或多个指令的文件，以作用于此目录及其所有子目录。作为用户，所能使用的命令受到限制。管理员可以通过Apache的AllowOverride指令来设置。

Unix、Linux系统或者是任何版本的Apache Web服务器都是支持.htaccess的，但是有的主机服务商可能不允许你自定义自己的.htaccess文件。

笼统地说，.htaccess可以帮我们实现包括：文件夹密码保护、用户自动重定向、自定义错误页面、改变你的文件扩展名、封禁特定IP地址的用户、只允许特定IP地址的用户、禁止目录列表，以及使用其他文件作为index文件等一些功能。（更多介绍）

1. Introduction 介绍 文件名 .htaccess 属性 644 (RW-R–R–) htaccess会影响它所在目录下的所有子目录注意大多数内容都要求保持在一行之内，不要换行，否则会引起错误 2. Error Documents 错误文档

Official document: ErrorDocument Directive ErrorDocument code document

例子

ErrorDocument 400 /errors/badrequest.html ErrorDocument 404 http://yoursite/errors/notfound.html ErrorDocument 401 “Authorization Required”

(注意之后内容如果出现的双引号需要转义为 ”) 常见HTTP状态码 Successful Client Requests 200 OK 201 Created 202 Accepted 203 Non-Authorative Information 204 No Content 205 Reset Content 206 Partial Content Client Request Redirected 300 Multiple Choices 301 Moved Permanently 302 Moved Temporarily 303 See Other 304 Not Modified 305 Use Proxy Client Request Errors 400 Bad Request 401 Authorization Required 402 Payment Required (not used yet) 403 Forbidden 404 Not Found 405 Method Not Allowed 406 Not Acceptable (encoding) 407 Proxy Authentication Required 408 Request Timed Out 409 Conflicting Request 410 Gone 411 Content Length Required 412 Precondition Failed 413 Request Entity Too Long 414 Request URI Too Long 415 Unsupported Media Type Server Errors 500 Internal Server Error 501 Not Implemented 502 Bad Gateway 503 Service Unavailable 504 Gateway Timeout 505 HTTP Version Not Supported 3. Password Protection 密码保护 Official document: Authentication, Authorization and Access Control 假设密码文件为.htpasswd

AuthUserFile /usr/local/safedir/.htpasswd (这里必须使用全路径名) AuthName EnterPassword AuthType Basic

两种常见验证方式:

Require user windix

(仅允许用户windix登陆)

Require valid-user

(所有合法用户都可登陆) Tip: 如何生成密码文件使用htpasswd命令(apache自带) 第一次生成需要创建密码文件

htpasswd -c .htpasswd user1

之后增加新用户

htpasswd .htpasswd user2

4. Enabling SSI Via htaccess 通过htaccess允许SSI(Server Side Including)功能

AddType text/html .shtml AddHandler server-parsed .shtml Options Indexes FollowSymLinks Includes DirectoryIndex index.shtml index.html

5. Blocking users by IP 根据IP阻止用户访问

order allow,deny deny from 123.45.6.7 deny from 12.34.5. (整个C类地址) allow from all

6. Blocking users/sites by referrer 根据referrer阻止用户/站点访问 需要mod_rewrite模块例1. 阻止单一referrer: badsite.com

RewriteEngine on

Options +FollowSymlinks

RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} badsite.com [NC] RewriteRule .* – [F]

例2. 阻止多个referrer: badsite1.com, badsite2.com

RewriteEngine on

Options +FollowSymlinks

RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} badsite1.com [NC,OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} badsite2.com RewriteRule .* – [F]

[NC] – 大小写不敏感(Case-insensite) [F] – 403 Forbidden 注意以上代码注释掉了”Options +FollowSymlinks”这个语句。如果服务器未在 httpd.conf 的段落设置 FollowSymLinks, 则需要加上这句，否则会得到”500 Internal Server error”错误。 7. Blocking bad bots and site rippers (aka offline browsers) 阻止坏爬虫和离线浏览器 需要mod_rewrite模块坏爬虫? 比如一些抓垃圾email地址的爬虫和不遵守robots.txt的爬虫(如baidu?) 可以根据 HTTP_USER_AGENT 来判断它们 (但是还有更无耻的如”中搜 zhongsou.com”之流把自己的agent设置为 “Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT 5.0)” 太流氓了，就无能为力了)

RewriteEngine On RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^BlackWidow [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Bot mailto
@yahoo.com [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^ChinaClaw [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Custo [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^DISCo [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Download Demon [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^eCatch [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^EirGrabber [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^EmailSiphon [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^EmailWolf [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Express WebPictures [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^ExtractorPro [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^EyeNetIE [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^FlashGet [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^GetRight [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^GetWeb! [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Go!Zilla [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Go-Ahead-Got-It [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^GrabNet [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Grafula [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^HMView [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} HTTrack [NC,OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Image Stripper [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Image Sucker [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} Indy Library [NC,OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^InterGET [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Internet Ninja [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^JetCar [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^JOC Web Spider [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^larbin [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^LeechFTP [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Mass Downloader [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^MIDown tool [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Mister PiX [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Navroad [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^NearSite [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^NetAnts [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^NetSpider [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Net Vampire [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^NetZIP [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Octopus [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Offline Explorer [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Offline Navigator [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^PageGrabber [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Papa Foto [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^pavuk [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^pcBrowser [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^RealDownload [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^ReGet [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^SiteSnagger [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^SmartDownload [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^SuperBot [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^SuperHTTP [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Surfbot [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^tAkeOut [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Teleport Pro [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^VoidEYE [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Web Image Collector [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Web Sucker [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^WebAuto [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^WebCopier [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^WebFetch [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^WebGo IS [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^WebLeacher [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^WebReaper [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^WebSauger [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Website eXtractor [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Website Quester [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^WebStripper [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^WebWhacker [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^WebZIP [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Wget [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Widow [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^WWWOFFLE [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Xaldon WebSpider [OR] RewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^Zeus RewriteRule ^.* – [F,L]

[F] – 403 Forbidden [L] – 连接(Link) 8. Change your default directory page 改变缺省目录页面

DirectoryIndex index.html index.php index.cgi index.pl

9. Redirects 转向 单个文件

Redirect /old_dir/old_file.html http://yoursite.com/new_dir/new_file.html

整个目录

Redirect /old_dir http://yoursite.com/new_dir

效果: 如同将目录移动位置一样

http://yoursite.com/old_dir -> http://yoursite.com/new_dir http://yoursite.com/old_dir/dir1/test.html -> http://yoursite.com/new_dir/dir1/test.html

Tip: 使用用户目录时Redirect不能转向的解决方法当你使用Apache默认的用户目录，如 http://mysite.com/~windix，当你想转向 http://mysite.com/~windix/jump时，你会发现下面这个Redirect不工作:

Redirect /jump http://www.google.com

正确的方法是改成

Redirect /~windix/jump http://www.google.com (source: .htaccess Redirect in “Sites” not redirecting: why? )

10. Prevent viewing of .htaccess file 防止.htaccess文件被查看

order allow,deny deny from all

11. Adding MIME Types 添加 MIME 类型

AddType application/x-shockwave-flash swf

Tips: 设置类型为 application/octet-stream 将提示下载 12. Preventing hot linking of images and other file types 防盗链 需要mod_rewrite模块

RewriteEngine on RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^$ RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^http://(www/.)?mydomain.com/.*$ [NC] RewriteRule .(gif|jpg|js|css)$ – [F]

解析: 若 HTTP_REFERER 非空 (来源为其他站点，非直接连接) 并且若 HTTP_REFERER 非(www.)mydomain.com开头(忽略大小写[NC]) (来源非本站) 对于所有含有 .gif/.jpg/.js/.css 结尾的文件给出 403 Forbidden 错误[F] 也可指定响应，如下例显示替换图片 RewriteRule .(gif|jpg)$ [R,L] [R] – 转向(Redirect) [L] – 连接(Link) 13. Preventing Directory Listing 防止目录列表时显示

IndexIgnore * IndexIgnore *.jpg *.gif

Tips: 允许目录列表显示: Options +Indexes 禁止目录列表显示: Options -Indexes 显示提示信息: 页首文件HEADER, 页尾文件README